Happiness in China

Presentation This paper for the most part centers around Chinese joy list and its impacting factors investigation. There are numerous things we are anxious to get, for example, opportunity, cash, promising employment, notoriety, and so forth. Be that as it may, we don't interest these things themselves, what we need is the improvement of satisfaction. Those things have esteem just when they straightforwardly or by implication advance the sentiment of satisfaction. Net national joy (GNH) is a marker that estimates personal satisfaction or social advancement in a logical term. During the 1970s, the ruler of Bhutan proposed the idea of Gross National Happiness.He accepted that legislature should plan to make bliss. The national bliss list ought to be improved incorporating the variables both in the material and in the profound. The GNH file distinguishes four part of national joy advancement: great administration, monetary development, social turn of events and ecological security (Hu, 2011). With the fast improvement in China, the administration takes the record to gauge the national joy. In any case, there is no careful quantitative definition about what number of components impact the GNH.The paper subsequently will break down the variables that sway China’s net national satisfaction from social, financial and politic point of view. Social Factors The instruction framework Education in China doesn't concentrate on the students’ down to earth capacity and interests in contemplating. These schools center around students’ test scores rather than the students’ potential. Instructors want to have the top understudies instead of â€Å"bad students†. A student’s scores speak to their character. From rudimentary to secondary school, understudies have no elective courses. The teachers’ task is to show understudies how to get high scores on the exams.The understudies are over pushed. They go to class around 6 o’cloc k in the first part of the day, they remain up learning around evening time (Hu, 2011). It is difficult to become unwind under such tension. On the off chance that understudies need to be confessed to top colleges, they need to concentrate hard. Examining is the main thing they have to do. The colleges simply require students’ extraordinary scores from the school selection test. Along these lines, an uncommon gathering of understudies called returning understudies who re-go to classes in the wake of bombing the school selection test. Numerous understudies re-go to secondary schools classes a seemingly endless amount of time after year until hello are admitted to a top college (Hu, 2011). The main scale to gauge one's ability is the confirmation. Besides, understudies would set up the postgraduate assessment so as to get a superior line of work. From rudimentary to the school, understudies care in vain with the exception of contemplating. The circumstance prompts a diminishing misery file for China’s understudy and their folks (Hu, 2011). Nature of marriage In China, marriage depends on one's family foundation, which is a noteworthy factor that influences numerous couples all things considered. Indeed, even in current occasions, an incredible number of youngsters in China will obey family arrangement.Oftentimes, if one's family live in poor conditions, the gathering will be dismissed by the different party’s family with a reason ( Luo, 2009). Indeed, even in marriage, the couples need to battle for their future, for example, house, vehicle, cash. On the off chance that the couple comes up short, they may separate from one another. Now and then, the marriage may just be chosen by the cash not friendship. This is the explanation that the Chinese couple have a low bliss file in marriage( Luo, 2009). Standardized savings framework China’s government disability framework isn't great and during the time spent transformation. What is more r egrettable, the maturing of society is the new weight included society security system.China’s populace keeps on developing. The master anticipated the all out populace will arrive at 1. 5 billion by the center of the 21th century, and the older populace will surpass 300 million. Because of the one-youngster strategy, the regular families have just a single kid. Accordingly, the quantity of retirees will keep on attempting to lessen the weight on their family (Hu, 2011). Moreover, the guarantee benefits and clinical protection framework is as yet inadequate in China. The individuals from family set aside cash for the more seasoned relative not for voyaging or engaging. In the event that somebody is debilitated in family, it could make the entire family in quandary (Hu, 2011).These circumstances place an overwhelming weight on more youthful ages. The youngsters have the obligation to deal with the guardians and to rise the people to come. The issue likewise builds the misery l ist for Chinese life. There are such huge numbers of social factors that impact the Chinese joy file. China’s government should take measures to give the individuals a greater situation for life to build joy record. Monetary Factors The cost of products In China, the cost of items has risen altogether. It has gone past the salary level of numerous basic people.Housing cost, particularly, has gone excessively high lately (Orlik, 2013). Numerous individuals in China bend over backward to acquire cash to purchase a house. They work day and night. They offer up the chance to travel. They dare not to have meals in eateries. They consider that whether they should purchase garments or not. All endeavors are made to purchase a house. Particularly, individuals who get cash from the banks are under a ton of weight for reimbursement. Their home loan installments are most piece of their month to month pay so they need more cash to spend on other things.Even on the off chance that they ar e not happy with the current work, they dare not to leave. Because of high lodging costs, numerous individuals have become captives to their homes and live under gigantic tension in all viewpoints. Shockingly, the costs of houses have gotten a lot higher! It is ungainly that a typical individual can't bear the cost of a typical house in China (Orlik, 2013). There is no uncertainty that the high products cost isn't useful for the physical and psychological wellness of the individuals. So as to have better living, the individuals pay the high cost.This circumstance isn't helpful for the improvement of bliss record in China (Orlik, 2013). Salary Inequality China has extraordinary financial development in the previous barely any decades. Be that as it may, the normal wages are higher in urban territories than in rustic zones. The marvel of salary disparity is evident in China(Finance and economics,2012). The pay of the famers is for the most part relied upon the land, however the agrari an yield is restricted. They can't get rich just by a couple of sections of land of land. A great deal of provincial occupants deserted their territory and go into refers to with nothing, these workers are called transient laborers.They can do are restricted occupation because of the absence of expert expertise. Ladies worked in labor-serious products and ventures with the base wages. Men filled in as manufacturers taking a chance with their lives. All the more seriously, they may not be paid after the work is done. Indeed, even through transient workers live in a similar city with urban occupants, their day to day environments are absolutely different(Finance and economics,2012). The imbalance pay make the works live in the base in the urban areas. Be that as it may, transient workers despite everything would prefer not to return home because of the more terrible living condition.These circumstances cause vagrant workers to have low satisfaction index(Finance and economics,2012). C hance of occupation The unevenness of work among flexibly and request exists in China. China is in the pinnacle of the populace, there are a ton of laborers need employments. For the country workers, they might want to go to urban for better life condition. The urban has an expanding pressure on business on the grounds that the overflow rustic workers move to urban. The quick development of new laborers is unmistakably more than the development of occupation creation. The circumstance is additionally gone up against by the school graduates.The consistent improvement of Chinese advanced education has created hundreds and thousands of school graduates every year. Jobless school graduates become a typical wonder (Economy Watch, 2010). The joblessness issue impacts the joy list on Chinese individuals. All the more severely, it could prompt the social unstability. To take care of this social issue, the administration should put forth attempts for better utilize condition (Economy Watch, 2010). Political variables Democracy is characterized as the standard that oversees state undertakings as per the guideline of equity, the minority is subordinate to the majority.The United States and European nations have exceptionally developed vote based system. In any case, China is a creating country,much of the framework isn't great and it doesn't accomplish a total majority rule government. (Pei, 2013) In western nations, the partition of the forces is a political tenet. It is separated into official force, legal force and administrative force. Regardless of whether the president carries out wrongdoing, legal freedom can arraign his activity. For instance, the previous leader of Taiwan who overstepped the law, an autonomous legal executive made preliminary for him (Kelly, 2013).While China actualizes the arrangement of individuals' congress and the Communist Party orders all the framework, it delivers the law benefits. They utilize the benefit to degenerate and the subordinat e authorities give asylum to them. Besides, the wonder of pay off is extreme. Agents offer incentives to get the perfect position. These circumstances bring about individuals low bliss record (China day by day, 2010). Opportunity The political opportunity includes numerous angles including the right to speak freely of discourse, opportunity of amass and opportunity of vote, etc. These opportunities can view as the indication of human right.The political opportunity ought to be treated as a definitive objective of Chinese political change and improvement. The right to speak freely of discourse is the political option to impart one's suppositions and thoughts. While Chinese individuals nearly have no rights, the discourse against gathering or government is restricted by the truth of media and the web; Freedom of get together is the individual option to meet up and by and large express, advance, seek after and guard normal interests. Due

Information Flow Free Essays

There are numerous components that guide an association in being effective, anyway one of the key components is Information stream. In my Journal Entry I will depict the degrees of correspondence, both great and awful, that are found inside Johnson Matthey, my present boss. I will talk about the three primary administrative methodologies inside my organization that I have watched, and the three potential correspondence hindrances too. We will compose a custom exposition test on Data Flow or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now The intrapersonal, relational, gathering, authoritative and intercultural levels of interchanges are all in plain view among the colleagues of Johnson Matthey. There are various levels inside the central station, situated in Wayne, PA. They are for the most part giving a similar item to the Oil and Gas Industry. Each level contains up to 45 representatives relying upon the office. Relational correspondence is ceaselessly directed inside each gathering with the goal that nothing ever becomes lost despite a general sense of vigilance. People are continually speaking with themselves because of the steady changes in materials required, which expects them to have the option to adjust to change rapidly. The workforce here is generally assorted, for the most part all men with degrees in The Sciences, however different foundations and instructive levels. We as a whole work in gatherings, every division is attached to the following, in this way requiring tight nit and close correspondence. Each office is basically similar to its own â€Å"clique†, everybody discusses the following division, and it’s sort of like noon in the cafeteria during secondary school. Contingent upon your area of expertise you can be taken a gander at as a companion or a foe, unfortunately in my profession, it’s elusive individuals who bolster you and back you up except if they are in your specialty. The lady here are desirous of one another, they don’t like to be eclipsed, particularly by novices or those of us who are more youthful. This sort of conduct can put a significant scratch on relational abilities. For the most part to show disdain toward somebody, however that’s still not a mindful method to deal with any circumstance. Data voyages by and large one way from our client (different Oil and Gas customers) to us. There are events when we have a little state so in the genuine item however generally it is an uneven show. We have our Regional Manager Andrew, our Offshore Manager Jim and our Operations Manager Roy. The manner in which it begins is, the activity comes into Andy, he decides whether it is an Onshore or Offshore task. On the off chance that it is resolved to be seaward, it goes to Jim, he works out the schematics of faculty with Chris and myself. Any spending questions, gear needs and so on must be cleared by me and afterward run over by Roy for definite endorsement. The channel utilized is by and large email from the customer to one of the site supervisors. The criticism comes once the work is finished and as long as we get a first rate report, at that point we get a decent â€Å"pat on the back† from upper administration, and we proceed onward to the following task. The elements of Y Hierarchy of administrative correspondences do exist inside this association. Our administrator is constantly making and empowering a superb workplace and giving chances to representatives to step up and self-course. The executives is continually searching for new ways for workers to make noteworthy commitments inside the association. Social, strengthening, and possibility are the three administrative correspondence moves toward that I include saw inside the association that I at present work for. Strengthening is the circulation or entrustment of intensity or power to his or hers subordinates inside an association. By and large utilized when upper administration is unemployed for certain measure of time. Strengthening likewise urges the representatives to get increasingly associated with the association. The possibility approach is seen a ton in our office. Our Operations Manager realizes that there is more than one approach to get a â€Å"A+† on our work, and whichever way creates the best outcome with minimal measure of cash and time spent, is commonly the way that is taken. This is likely the methodology seen generally around the Johnson Matthey association on account of the outcomes that are delivered. Social methodology accompanies trust and one’s individual character. Directors have been seen trusting and regarding the representatives more now than any other time in recent memory due the creation that every division has put out for our customers. Character, enthusiastic, and physical are the three potential boundaries to powerful correspondence inside Johnson Matthey, yet most associations. Everybody here has their own character and that can once in a while make an issue all through the business day. People are stacked with numerous qualities that make individual perspectives, approaches, points, peculiarities and various perspectives on the world, and how to deal with different circumstances. There are numerous events where this characteristic has slowed down correspondence between two people and for some situation hurt the general employment being finished. Passionate hindrances can by a wide margin be the most exceedingly awful thing out there, as far as correspondence in an organization. There are numerous people in my association that let things go directly to their heads and overlook that we are at the work environment. Feelings ought not be carried to work with you by any means, you ought to have the option to get over things and proceed onward with the activity. Particularly close to home clashes and individual issues. Your office and your collaborators are not the spot to manage those sorts of things. Supervisors are frequently observed utilizing a gentler touch to break through to the people with intense subject matters. Physical obstructions are one of the most widely recognized around my office however. There are numerous events that we are working with a divider between colleagues and with correspondence being the way in to our prosperity issue will by and large emerge on events. We have submitted questions on numerous events with similar outcomes â€Å"deal with it†. The most effective method to refer to Information Flow, Papers

Margaret Atwood Says Its OK to Read Whatever You Want

Margaret Atwood Says Its OK to Read Whatever You Want I recently had the pleasure of  reading  Margaret Atwoods book In Other Worlds. An essay collection that examines science fiction and her  relationship with it, In Other Worlds  is essentially a memoir of Atwoods reading life. Its a look at the books that shaped one of the most respected and beloved contemporary writers, and its a case for reading widely and without pretension. Here are four favorite quotesreally, the whole book is terrific and you should read itto remind you that yes, Veronica, it really is OK to read whatever the hell you want. For this recovering book snob, it was a timely reminder and a kick in the pass. After all, itf its good enough for  Margaret Atwood, its good enough for me. On reading Ray Bradbury when she was supposed to be doing homework: I was, in fact, leading a double life, or even a triple one: the terms highbrow, middle brow, and lowbrow were much in use at that timethe metaphor was based on some idea of Neanderthals having receding foreheadsbut I seemed to have a taste for all three kinds of brow, which I cant say ever disturbed me. On taking a course from an academic she greatly admired: He had the added benefit of being a reader at all three brow levels, which pleased me a lot; its always encouraging to be told that it is intellectually acceptable to read the sorts of things that you like to read anyway. (emphasis mine) On the joy of stumbling upon never-before-heard-of books in the library when you should be doing Very Serious Research: In those stacks there were more obscure books than you could ever hope to find elsewhere, even on the Internet today, and I whiled away many a misspent hour  reading about things that were none of my business. On the perks of growing up in a snobbery-free environment: Nor did I make any distinctions between great  literature and any other kind. I just liked  reading. Sign up to Unusual Suspects to receive news and recommendations for mystery/thriller readers. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Much Ado About Nothing Gender Inequality Essay - 1176 Words

Much Ado About Nothing is one of Shakespeare’s more popular plays, a comedy loved by many, and produced still to this day. However, behind all the wordplay, misconception, and pranks Shakespeare successfully exposes the dark, ugly truth about gender roles and inequality within the Elizabethan society. The inequality of genders is prevalent in Beatrice’s language, how the male characters view women within the play, and the concept of honor. Beatrice is easily one of the biggest and roundest characters in Much Ado About Nothing. Shakespeare created Beatrice’s character in order to bring to the stage opposition to the â€Å"traditional woman† of the Elizabethan time and shed light on gender inequality. Hero seems to†¦show more content†¦Beatrice stands out as a character in Much Ado about nothing because she is a proud, strong female character, rare during Shakespeare’s time. She refuses to marry because she hasn’t found a perfect equal partner and is unwilling to submit her control and freedom to a husband. She yearns to be equal with men, something that challenges the gender inequality of Elizabethan time. The way Shakespeare has the men view the women characters in Much Ado About Nothing also gives insight into Elizabethan gender equality as well. Throughout the play women are referred to objects, and untrustworthy ones at that. Claudio asks Benedick early on his opinion of Hero, and the conversation turns quickly to talk of buying her and her â€Å"worthiness† of love and marriage. Her beauty and obedience are things that these men seem to value and think make her â€Å"worthy†. In Act 2 when Claudio is led to believe that Don Pedro stole Hero for himself, Benedick proclaims Don Pedro â€Å"stole your meat†. Objectifying the women makes it evident that the men believe the women have no real voice in any matter; they are there for the taking and meant to be submissive. The frequency of cuckolding jokes suggests that the men also believe that women by nature are untrustworthy and unfaithful. Benedick basically compares marriage to a prison â€⠀œ saying a married man is a man who gets cheated on. And before the men even â€Å"see† Hero in theShow MoreRelatedDiscuss the Importance of Non Verbal Communication to Education24125 Words   |  97 PagesRural Poverty Portal * Contact us * Employment scam * Site map * Copyright * Subscribe * What s new * Accessibility ------------------------------------------------- Top of Form Search Bottom of Form * Home * About * Operations * Development effectiveness * Evaluation * From the field * Partners * Topics * Newsroom * Events * Documents amp; publications * Photos * Videos * Jobs * Operations * Project cycle Read MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pages GP NOTES 2010 (ESSAY) Content Page 1. Media a. New vs. Traditional b. New: narcissistic? c. Government Censorship d. Profit-driven Media e. Advertising f. Private life of public figures g. Celebrity as a role model h. Blame media for our problems i. Power + Responsibility of Media j. Media ethics k. New Media and Democracy 2. Science/Tech a. Science and Ethics b. Government and scientist role in science c. Rely too much on technology? d. Nuclear technology

The Christian Views On Happiness - 2532 Words

India Perdue Writing 5 Deanne Harper 15 March 2016 The Christian Approach to Happiness How should we live in order to be happy? Western society, even academia, are thoroughly obsessed with this question. We observe happiness in unexpected ways and places, and see great damage done in its absence. We experience happiness as powerful and intoxicating. We assert confidently that it is good. We yearn to understand it, define it, and capture it. Happiness is the great enigma that even young children seem to feel, but even great scientists cannot fully explain. In every discipline happiness meets new definitions and explanations. Every discipline arrives at nuanced conclusions about the source of happiness and the most productive means of pursuit. Christian doctrine is no exception, both the Christian bible authors and the Christian writers that came after them grapple with ideas about the essence of happiness and how to approach it. While the world perceives ultimate freedom and autonomy as crucial in their pursuit of happiness, Christians assert that happiness is a product of committing to the things that you love and that bring you fulfillment. The Christian approach to happiness is embedded within a holistic framework to find fulfilment and meaning in life through worshipping God. In order to address the Christian approach to happiness, we must first establish what happiness is. Happiness as defined by the Merriam Webster dictionary is a state of well-being, contentment, orShow MoreRelatedThe Unexamined Life Is Not Worth Living1629 Words   |  7 Pagespeople to happiness? If there is a map, every human being can attain happiness easily. Is there any map for seeking happiness? How can people get hold of the ‘map’ to happiness? In order to attain happiness, there are different kinds of religions and philosophies that provide directions. There are many religions around the world that give people positive support for general and mental health and helping people to be happier in life. Also, many philosophers deal with the nature of happiness and theRead MoreBroadcasting Corporation s Decision On Broadcast Jerry Springer1685 Words   |  7 Pagesmade the decision to air it in 2005. I will be comparing the number of people who complained to the BBC to the total amount of people who watched the broadcast using viewing figures and charts. In addition, I will also look at the viewpoints of the Christian Voice Campaign who argued against the opera. Finally, I will also be using my knowledge of Utilitarianism and Kantianism while referencing the viewing figures and the BBC s general duty to the public to establish my thoughts on the BBC broadcastingRead MoreMoral Virtues Between Aristotle And St. Thomas Aquinas1147 Words   |  5 PagesDominican priest, brought up the element of moral virtues as well. This essay will establish that Aristotle’s belief of moral virtues seems to have impacted that of Aquinas’ and that he appeared to have furthered those ideas to apply to his own Christian values. It will be presented that the two philosophers were life affirming, but that when Aristotle focused on the way to moral virtues intrinsically, Aquinas’ focus was on the progress to morality for God. The second book of Nic omachean EthicsRead MoreNichomachean Ethics And Thomas Aquinas986 Words   |  4 Pagesgood, and happiness, specifically in Aristotle’s â€Å"Nichomachean Ethics† and Thomas Aquinas’ â€Å"On the Nature of Law.† And by examining these texts I wish to argue that even though they lived nearly 1000 years apart, Aristotle and St. Thomas Aquinas share the same overall view of justice, but they each follow different paths to reach that justice. Both Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas believe in the pursuit of happiness as a measure of justice and a desirable chief end of life. So in this view, all lawsRead MoreThe Philosophies Of Christianity And Buddhism Essay1570 Words   |  7 Pagesas well as the author’s personal views and new perspectives, will also be discussed. Health Care Provider and Faith Diversity America is known as a melting pot of cultures, and because of this, health care providers encounter patients and families from a multitude of different backgrounds and religions. Every religion comes with its own set of beliefs, rituals, and worldview. What each culture or religion believes as truth can effect their view of health and wellness. Health careRead MoreThe Effect Of Western Morality And Its Strict Rules1205 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom eating any foods that is unsafe. Christian and Moral rules are not supposed to be taken as perfect facts instead Christians read them and leave them to be interpreted by the reader. Nietzsche contradicts himself when he says â€Å"Fortunately, no Christian acts in accordance with this precept† (347). Though I concede he is saying this statement in a snarky manner I maintain that it is still a valid argument. Nietzsche is saying that it is good that Christians don’t follow the ridiculous rules suchRead MoreBuddhism from a Christian View920 Words   |  4 PagesBuddhism from a Christian View When the word Buddha is spoken the thoughts of Zen, peace and tranquility may come to mind. To the over 300 million Buddhist’s throughout the world Buddhism is much more than a religion, it is a way of life. The path of a Buddhist can be summed up in three simple sentences. The first, lead a moral life. The second, be mindful of your thoughts and actions and lastly, develop wisdom and understanding. Buddhism is said to explain injustice within the world and at theRead MoreSimilarity Between Religion And Utilitarianism813 Words   |  4 Pagesare judged according to their consequences and the relevant consequence of every action is happiness. There is a similarity between religion and utilitarianism. For example, love includes wanting happiness and religious principles such as loving others the way you love yourself and doing to others what you expect them to you are founded on utilitarian principles. The ultimate goal for a utilitarian is happiness, which is also the main ob jective of religion. Utilitarian ethics replicates the main religiousRead MoreHappiness : The Goal Of Life1624 Words   |  7 PagesOutline THESIS: Happiness has many different interpretations throughout various religions and also many different definitions, but I believe that happiness is a goal and it all comes down to the way someone lives their life and their own thoughts. 1. Happiness: The Goal of Life a. Introduction 2. Religions Perspective on Happiness a. Overview of Religions b. Christians, Islamic and Judaism c. Buddhism and Taoism 3. People Throughout History’s Thoughts on Happiness a. Overview of Peoples PerspectivesRead MoreThe Challenges Of Leading A Good Life1691 Words   |  7 Pagesreally no hope of finding the good life, as people all try to fill the void in their lives. Then why has the Christian faith in God’s good work changed to that of the new church of self-prosperity? For without God people would keep climbing the ladder to what they feel should be the ultimate good, but coming away feeling empty and incomplete. Where is the wisdom in this because as Christians, God has called us to a higher standard, that needs to be more focused on living a Christ centered life. Not

Environment Free Essays

The environment around us consists of many different topics and issues. One little change in our environment is enough to determine the course of mankind. The world can only be preserved when we take action to study and save it. We will write a custom essay sample on Environment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Studying the cycles of the world and discerning the cause and effects of our actions will allow us to help keep a healthy environment and let us live an enjoyable life. The carbon cycle starts off in many different ways, fossil fuels, respiration, and factory emissions. Then as the cycle continues, carbon that is transmitted into the oxygen will then be taken in by plants and animals as they intake vegetables and other autotrophic organisms. Then as organisms and waste products die, they will start the process of decomposing and begin returning the carbon that they have taken during their lifetime. Without the carbon cycle, many of the worldly systems would stop functioning properly. For example problems like the increase of the greenhouse effect, global warming, ozone depletion, and acid rain would rise dramatically. Greenhouse gases are gases that help the planet trap heat and warmth. Carbon dioxide is one of these gases. Without carbon dioxide the world would become so cold that it would start freezing. Although carbon dioxide is needed for our survival on this world, humans have burned so much fossil fuel and imputed so much more carbon dioxide that it has started being harmful to our world. The heat trapped by the greenhouse gases is slowly but gradually increasing, this is slow increase in the heat is not only affecting the temperature but also causing global warming in various places around the world. Global warming is the increase in the normal temperature the 1990s to our current time. Global warming not only means the change in temperature but also the changes in solar radiance. Global warming causes the regular weather in different parts of the world to go haywire and temperatures to go to the extremes. The disease and sickness rate could also rise due to the weather becoming more suitable breeding grounds for various insects such as malaria-carrying mosquitoes. Another catastrophe would be ozone depletion. In the 1980s scientists discovered that the ozone had a hole in it. As they researched about the hole they found out that the cause was because of a carbon called chlorofluorocarbons. The scientists determined that this carbon was the leading cause of ozone depletion. From the hole in the ozone, problems such as more ultraviolet rays entering and a higher risk of skin cancer can occur. Scientists predict that more than one million people will die from skin cancer because of the extra ultraviolet rays. Acid rain is also a cause to be worried about because its potential to harm is very high as well. Acid rain is caused by gases and chemicals that are released into the air by factories and chemical plants. Gases such as nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and lead are all gases that can pollute the rain-making clouds. Acid rain is extremely harmful to our environment because it can kill off many animals and plants not only on land but in the ocean too. The acid rain infects fishes in the ocean and poisoning the fish that breathe the water and the larger fish that eat the already poisoned fish getting poisoned along with many others. Rain that lands on plants will cause the plants to get poisoned and eventually when the producers of the food chain run out, other life will stop as well. In conclusion our environment is something that can affect us drastically, if we do not keep things in the right shape, the carbon cycle and all the other cycles will cause disasters that will leave us no time to fix or regret. How to cite Environment, Essay examples

Case Study on Building Contract Law Case Study

Question: John agrees to build an extension to Chens house. At the time they enter the agreement, the price of building materials is increasing week by week. John is reluctant to set a price for the work until he knows how much it is going to cost. Chen agrees in the contract that he will pay John the purchase price of materials as at the date of completion plus $6000 for labour. The parties also agree that the work must be completed by the end of June, as Chens family is coming to visit him at that time. Before the work begins, there is an unexpected increase in labour costs and an equally unexpected drop in the price of building materials. John tells Chen that he will need to increase the labour component to $10,000 or not do the job at all. Chen is anxious that the work be completed by the end of June so reluctantly agrees to the change. John builds the extension but does not finish it until the middle of July. Because of this, Chen had to pay for his family to stay in a hotel for three wee ks at a total cost of $3000. Chen is now refusing to pay John more than the price of materials plus $6000 for labour. In addition, he wants John to compensate him for the money he had to pay for the hotel. Required: Answer the following questions. In each case, give reasons for your answers, and support your reasons with case law. a. Is there a valid enforceable contract between Chen and John?b. What arguments could Chen use to support his refusal to pay John more than theoriginal agreed price? c. What arguments could Chen use to support his claim for compensation for the hotel?d. What arguments could John use to support his claim to the $10,000 he wants Chen topay? Answer: The given questions have been answered below. 1. Is there a valid enforceable contract between Chen and John? Issue: The question that has been given, itself is the issue, which is, if the contract between Chen and John is a valid one? Rule: contract(or informally known as anagreementin somejurisdictions) is an agreement having a lawful object entered into voluntarily by two or moreparties, each of whom intends to create one or more legalobligationsbetween them. The elements of a contract are "offer" and "acceptance" by "competent persons" having legal capacity who exchanges "consideration" to create "mutuality of obligation."- Common Law Legal System. Analysis: the common law system and the contract law of Australia tell us that contract can be formed when certain conditions are fulfilled. When two or more parties (Chen and John), have a lawful object (building of the house extension), where john agrees to build the extension of Chens house (legal work) on a payment of certain sum (consideration) within the given period of time. When the definition of the contract is analyzed and the given situations is considered it can be seen that it lies parallel to one another. It also creates a mutual obligation between them which is that John would build the extension of the house within the given period of time and Chen in return will give him the payment they have agreed upon. Conclusion: the contact law and the common law give a definition of how a valid enforceable contract can be formed. And the situation given fulfills all the given criteria; hence the contract between John and Chen is a valid enforceable contract. Case law where the offer was a valid one: Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co [1893] 1 QB 256 2. Issue: What arguments could Chen use to support his refusal to pay John more than the Original agreed price? Rule: a contract is formed on agreed terms between the parties who are getting into the agreement. Here the terms and the considerations has already been decided and no clause has been put in, as to change in either because of unforeseen circumstances, and since when entering into a contract the parties are into a mutual obligation to complete the given work within the stipulated time, Chen can refuse to pay on the basis of breach of duty or the mutual obligation by the other part (John) - Contract Law Analysis: when we refer to the issue we see that there was a particular compensation that Chen had agreed to pay to John for building up the extension of his house within the given period of time, because his family needed accommodation after that time. what is seen after that is that there is an increase in the labor costs while there is a decrease in the price of the materials required for the building up of the extension, and because of this john asks an increase in the labor price, or else he would not work for Chen, to which Chen reluctantly agreed because he wanted the work to be complete within the given period of time. But the work though is completed has taken one and a half more months, and because of this Chen had to face difficulties and pay extra for his familys accommodation. What we see is that Chen had agreed to pay the given price only on one condition that is the extension should have been completed by June, which certainly has not been done. When the only reason on which the extra payment was agreed upon is not kept in mind by John, Chen can hence deny the payment on ground of breach of duty of John, and can therefore refuse to pay the extra charges that John had asked for. Conclusion: the Contract Law provides provisions for the plaintiff if there is a breach of duty by the defendant, and hence gives provisions for the plaintiff to act in a certain manner when the duty has not been fulfilled. Hence there are reasons which Chen can when he refuses to pay the extra amount of labor cost as his work was not done according to the terms of the contract. Case law: for breach of duty when a contract have been formed- Payless Travel v Baba Krupa Holidays [2004] All ER (D) 503 3. Issue: What arguments could Chen use to support his claim for compensation for the hotel? Rule: Damages for breach of contract are viewed as a 'substitute' for performance - consequently, they are designed to put the plaintiff in the position they would have been in had the contract been performed properly. Punitive damages are not available. The loss claimed must not be too remote from the breach and the non-breaching party must do what is reasonable to reduce (mitigate) the damage they suffer.- Australian Contract Law. analysis: what has been discussed earlier is the part where John has delayed the making of the extension of the house by one and a half months which in a way is breach of duty because the terms of the contract which John and Chen had got into clearly stated that the extension of the house was to be completed by June because Chen needed the accommodation for his family who would arrive by then. And this was the only reason why eventually and reluctantly Chen had agreed on paying more labor cost to John. But since this term was ignored and the work took longer, Chen had to find accommodation for his family in the hotel for which he had to incur a cost of $3000 which could have been uncalled for if the house would have built on time. Conclusion: award for damages are compensatory states the central principle which is governing this law, hence Chen can claim his incurred cost from John. Case law regarding award for damage/loss: (HLA [110-11060] eg. Johnson v Perez (1988) 166 CLR 351 at 355). 4. Issue: What arguments could John use to support his claim to the $10,000 he wants Chen to pay? Rule: This is a rule of evidence that precludes a person from denying the truth of some promise made by him or her of the existence of facts whether existing or not which he or she has by words or conduct led another to believe in.- promissory/equitable/estoppels under the Contract Law. Analysis: when the given case is considered it is seen that though John took more than the required time, he actually built the house extension, putting in the labor which was required in spite of the increased labor price (after Chen had agreed), and also that the materials had been used, for which Chen should pay., moreover Chen had agreed on paying the extra cost that was required by John for the labor and material input. By brining in the estoppels method, John can claim that Chen had actually promised him to pay the increased amount of labor cost and the material cost which on completion of the house extension, he cannot refuse to pay. It was only after Chen had agreed to pay for the increased prices that John had started working. This case may also see the reference where the third party (labor force used by John to complete the completion of the house) is used, and thus their payment has to be made as well from the payment that comes from Chen. Though the time taken by John to complete the house extension was more than promised, but he can also claim that the house extension wasnt left incomplete, but was completed over the period of time. moreover if Chen was to refuse the payment which included the extra labor cost and also the price of the materials which have been used by John for completing the extension of the house, he could have said that when John asked for the extra payment or maybe just as the due date for building the house extension was crossed, without waiting for the completion to take place on a full and final basis. No earlier notice had been given to John regarding the nonpayment of the labor costs or the material costs, which had already been spent from Johns side for completing the extension of Chens house. Conclusion: what can be concluded after looking aspects of the contract law is that estoppels can be used as an argument by John in order to get the $10,000 from Chen which had been earlier promised by him, because of the increased labor cost and since, the house had been already completed, and that Chen had not given any notice regarding the nonpayment of labor costs earlier, John can actually go ahead and claim the money with the help of the given branch of contract law. Case laws: where estoppels has been used as a defense or as an argument to get the other party to act in a certain way- Waltons case, Waltons Stores (Interstate) Ltd v Maher (1988) 164 CLR 387 and Central London Property Trust v High Trees House Ltd[1947] 1 KB 130. References (2006).Contract law: Topic 2 Common law elements of contracts.Available: https://sielearning.tafensw.edu.au/MBA/19194J/commerc_law/lo/u5_t2_commonlaw/u5_t2_commonlaw_02.htm. Last accessed 14th Jan 2015. John Arthur. ().Damages and Equitable Compensation in a Commercial Setting .Available: https://www.gordonandjackson.com.au/uploads/documents/seminar-papers/Damages_and_Equitable_Compensation_-_John_Arthur.pdf. Last accessed 14th Jan 2015. (2009).Contract Text.Available: https://www.insitelawmagazine.com/ch9remedies.htm. Last accessed 14th Jan 2015. Julia Clarke. ().Australian Contract and Consumer Law.Available: https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/index.html. Last accessed 14th Jan 2015. .. ().Networked Knowledge - Law Lectures Consideration - in Acceptance of Contract.Available: https://www.netk.net.au/Contract/04Consideration.asp. Last accessed 14th Jan 2015.

Online Assignment Submission Essay Sample free essay sample

â€Å"Why are societal media sites so of import to e-marketers? What are the challenges and chances confronting sellers that want to utilize societal media as portion of their scheme? † The usage of societal media has exploded in the last several old ages. so much so that it now touches about every aspect of our lives. Friendster. the first societal media site was launched in 2003. Myspace. Facebook. LinkedIn and Twitter shortly followed. Facebook. the most popular of the societal media sites. presently has over 500 million users. It is the 2nd most popular web site behind Google. There are a batch of grounds as to why a certain company needs societal media selling and it will depend on different factors like company profile. the merchandises and the clients that it is providing to. As the yearss travel by. there is besides an addition when it comes to the importance of societal media selling that is really effectual for most companies. We will write a custom essay sample on Online Assignment Submission Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Therefore. societal media sites have become so of import for e-marketers to make their societal media marketing efficaciously. Below are some of the major importance of societal media for e-marketers and the company they are publicizing for. 1. Social media channel is a good manner of increasing a company’s trustiness and good will which will decidedly give the company a better stigmatization. When companies are able to hold conversations with their clients. the consequence is traveling to be a great sum of credibleness. 2. The lead coevals is besides another footing for companies to travel for societal media selling. The on-line lead coevals is an Internet selling term that refers to the coevals of prospective consumer involvement or enquiry into a business’ merchandises or services through the Internet. Lead can be generated for a assortment of purposes- list edifice. e-newsletter list acquisition. constructing out wages plans. trueness plans or for other member acquisition plans. A lead normally is the contact information and in some instances. demographic information of a client who is interested in a specific merchandise or service. Since the lead coevals serves a really of import portion for a company’s success. utilizing societal media marketing for company runs help the e-marketer to make out to the targeted lead coevals. 3. Social media channels besides make it easier and more flexible for companies to prosecute with its clients. This might be on the top precedence list of the e-marketers since client battle is a really important process since this will assist the company retain the bing clients and besides increase the trade name credibleness. 4. Social media channels are besides responsible for bring forthing a extremely powerful traffic for the company’s site. E-marketers don’t have to worry since there’s a batch of societal media channels that will be able to do it easier for the e-marketer to obtain the relevant and quality traffic that it will necessitate. 5. The industry is considered to hold a anchor if the companies have entire entree to customer’s feedback. This is because the feedback really helps in bettering the merchandises based on what the customer’s require. Due to the fact that societal media channels assistance in doing client battle possible. so client feedback will ever be available for the company to utilize as footing for betterment. With this. the e-marketer can ever anticipate client reappraisals and feedback that can assist the company in doing the merchandises and services even better. 6. There is no better manner or an even cheaper manner than a societal media channel when it comes to denoting new merchandises or services of the company. It is a really cheap manner of advertisement because it reaches a huge audience for a fringy investing. Alternatively of passing big sums of money on selling and advertisement runs. allow the clients advertise for the company. Many consumers are no longer traveling straight to the beginning for merchandise information ; they trust their equals to reasonably reexamine merchandises for them. Therefore it is a good thought to promote your clients or clients to check-in at your concern. or direct them to reexamine your merchandise online. This method ensures that you reach a huge audience via societal webs. Social media will do it easier for the e-marketers to distribute the intelligence sing a new merchandise or service. Information such as reaching or release day of the months can be doing known to the populace in an easier method. 7. Another importance of societal media selling is the fact that it will let the e-marketer to detect the customers’ penchants so that the company will be able to move based on what they want. By cognizing their penchants. it will be much easier for the e-marketer to heighten all the company’s merchandises and program the selling runs more efficaciously. All these factors stated above can be seen as the chances to e-marketers in utilizing societal media as portion of their scheme. On the other manus. there are besides challenges that an e-marketer can confront in utilizing societal media selling. Some of the common obstructions and barriers to societal media acceptance that could be focused on are: 1. Flying blind Many companies chase societal media tactics with no thought about the â€Å"who† . â€Å"what† . † when† and â€Å"where† of the societal web. It’s indispensable that companies foremost develop a listening plan to reply those inquiries. Listening through societal media monitoring is critical to understanding trade name. rivals and cardinal footings relevant to the audience on the societal web. Without a smart hearing attempt. companies missed cardinal chances such as selling. client service. gross revenues. recruiting. partnering and public dealingss. 2. Unsure where it fits – who owns societal media? As companies develop their societal media plans. duties and resources need to be allocated and that leads to answerability and ownership. For successful societal media acceptance within organisations. it’s of import to set up societal media ends and duties in different parts of the organisation. As resources and answerability are identified. the different sections can work to traverse pollinate attempts. and work together as a squad. By making so. it helps the company purchase combined attempts and avoids conflicting representation of the trade name. 3. Inconsistent engagement Companies need to be consistent with their societal engagement. The solution to a more consistent engagement is to take from the top. acquire executive buy-in. Establish ends and supply a feedback cringle to subscribers. As they grow. the community will supply feedback. 4. Not single or confident It is of import for an e-marketer to believe that people will listen to and happen value in what the message is stating requires assurance and lucidity. Whether the e-marketer is right or incorrect might non count every bit much as being passionate. Therefore when utilizing societal media sites as portion of their selling scheme. e-marketers may confront the challenges of demoing leading and strong belief when it comes to societal engagement and battle. 5. Digitally unsavvy squad Modern sellers need to understand societal media. Companies don’t â€Å"do social† . they â€Å"are social† . That means being savvy participants. Harmonizing to â€Å"Social Technographics of Business Buyers† from Forrester Research: * 91 % of concern purchasers read web logs. watching user generated picture. take part in other societal media * 55 % of decision-makers were in societal webs * 43 % are making media ( web logs. uploading picture or articles. etc. ) Josh Bernoff. Forrester stated that â€Å"If you’re a B2B seller and you’re non utilizing societal engineerings in your selling. it means you’re tardily. 6. Lack of personalization It is of import to utilize existent squad members in societal media attempts. Using some faceless individual behind the trade name is non the effectual manner to hammer relationships with others. Companies can win on the societal web by developing a scheme. experiment and iterate. In a nutshell. the challenges confronting sellers who want to utilize societal media sites as portion of their scheme are the turning diverseness of tools and niches. decentralized audience and more attempt is needed to make the same audience. Besides. there is a possible lessening in control of image and increase in sum of content which is the hazard of content overload. It is of import that an e-marketer have clear cognition on how to interpret real-world relationship norms into online norms when prosecuting in societal media selling. Mentions:* hypertext transfer protocol: //forrester. typepad. com/groundswell/2009/02/new-research-b2. html New research: B2B purchasers have really high societal engagement Josh Bernoff. February 23. 2009 * hypertext transfer protocol: //www. emarketer. com/Article/Social-Marketers-Dive-Mobile/1009591 Social Marketers dive into Mobile. January 9. 2003 * Strauss. J. and R. Frost ( 2009 ) E-marketing. 5th edition ( Pearson International Edition ) . Upper Saddle River. New jersey * Berthon. P. . L. Pitt and C. Campbell ( 2008 ) â€Å"Ad Lib: When Customers Create the Ad† California Management Review 50 ( 4 ) : 5-30 * Andreas M. Kaplan. Michael Haenlein ( 2010 ) â€Å"Users of the universe. unite! The challenges and chances of Social Media† Business Horizons. Volume 53. Issue 1. 59-68

Legendary Detective Thomas Byrnes

Legendary Detective Thomas Byrnes Thomas Byrnes became one of the most famous crime fighters of the late 19th century by supervising the newly created detective division of the New York Police Department. Known for his relentless drive to innovate, Byrnes was widely credited for pioneering the use of modern police tools such as mugshots. Byrnes was also known to get very rough with criminals, and openly boasted of having invented a harsh interrogation technique he called the third degree. And though Byrnes was widely lauded at the time, some of his practices would be unacceptable in the modern era. After attaining widespread celebrity for his war on criminals, and becoming chief of the entire New York Police Department,  Byrnes came under suspicion during  corruption scandals of the 1890s. A famous reformer  brought in to clean up the department, future president Theodore Roosevelt, forced Byrnes to resign. It was never proven that Byrnes had been corrupt. But it was evident  that his friendships with some of the wealthiest New Yorkers helped him amass a large fortune while receiving a modest public salary. Despite ethical questions, there is no question Byrnes had an impact on the city. He was involved with solving major crimes for decades, and his police career aligned with historic events from the New York Draft Riots to well-publicized crimes of the Gilded Age. Early Life of Thomas Byrnes Byrnes was born in Ireland in 1842 and came to America with his family as an infant. Growing up in New York City, he received a very basic education, and at the outbreak of the Civil War he was working at a manual trade. He volunteered in the spring of 1861  to serve in a unit of Zouaves organized by Col. Elmer Ellsworth, who would become famous as the first great Union hero of the war. Byrnes served in the war for two years, and returned home to New York and joined the police force. As a rookie patrolman, Byrnes showed considerable bravery during the New York Draft Riots in July 1863. He reportedly saved the life of a superior officer, and recognition of his bravery  helped him rise in the ranks. Police Hero In 1870  Byrnes became  a captain of the police force and in that capacity he began  investigating noteworthy crimes. When the flamboyant Wall Street manipulator Jim Fisk was shot in January 1872, it was Byrnes who questioned both victim and assassin. The fatal shooting of Fisk was a front-page story in the New York Times on January 7, 1872, and Byrnes received prominent mention. Byrnes had gone to the hotel where Fisk lay wounded, and took a statement from him before he died. The Fisk case brought Byrnes into contact with an associate of Fisk, Jay Gould, who would become one of the richest men in America. Gould realized the value of having a good friend on the police force and he began feeding stock tips and other financial advice to Byrnes. The robbery of the Manhattan Savings Bank in 1878 attracted enormous interest, and Byrnes received nationwide attention when he solved the case. He developed a reputation for possessing great detective skill, and was placed in charge of the detective bureau of the New York Police Department. The Third Degree Byrnes became widely known as Inspector Byrnes, and was viewed as a legendary crime fighter. The writer Julian Hawthorne, the son of Nathaniel Hawthorne, published a series of novels billed as being From the Diary of Inspector Byrnes. In the public mind, the glamorized version of Byrnes took precedence over whatever the reality might be. While Byrnes did indeed solve many crimes, his techniques would certainly be considered highly questionable today. He regaled the public with tales of how he coerced criminals into confessing after he outwitted them. Yet theres little doubt that confessions were also extracted with beatings. Byrnes proudly took credit for an intense form of interrogation he termed the third degree. According to his account, he would confront the suspect with the details of his crime, and thereby trigger a mental breakdown and confession. In 1886 Byrnes published a book entitled Professional Criminals of America. In its pages, Byrnes detailed the careers of notable thieves and provided detailed descriptions of notorious crimes. While the book was ostensibly published to help fight crime, it also did much to bolster the reputation of Byrnes as Americas top cop. Downfall By the 1890s Byrnes was famous and considered a national hero. When the financier Russell Sage was attacked in a bizarre bombing in 1891, it was Byrnes who solved the case (after first taking the bombers severed head to be identified by the recuperating Sage). Press coverage of Byrnes was typically very positive, but trouble lay ahead. In 1894 the Lexow Commission, a New York State government committee, began investigating corruption in the New York Police Department. Byrnes, who had amassed a personal fortune of $350,000 while earning a police salary of $5,000 a year, was questioned aggressively about his wealth. He explained that friends on Wall Street, including Jay Gould, had been giving him stock tips for years. No evidence was ever made public proving Byrnes had broken the law, but his career came to an abrupt end in the spring of 1895. The new head of the board which oversaw the New York Police Department, future president Theodore Roosevelt, pushed Byrnes out of his job. Roosevelt personally disliked Byrnes, whom  he considered a braggart. Brynes opened a private detective agency which gained clients from Wall Street firms. He died of cancer on May 7, 1910. Obituaries in the New York City newspapers generally looked back nostalgically on his glory years of the 1870s and 1880s, when he dominated the police department and was widely admired as Inspector Byrnes.

Amazon.com as one of the largest online retail stores of the world Case Study

Amazon.com as one of the largest online retail stores of the world - Case Study Example By, 1996, Amazon became the World’s largest web retailer, earning about $15.6 revenues. After that, they established themselves as renowned online music retailers in the world. Answer 1 Though Amazon.com gets a huge success as world’s most preferred and trusted online book and music retailers, they are facing immense internal as well as external problems from different dimension like huge competition they are facing from the competitors (Dringoli 22). With the growing number of online book retailers and publishers, the competition has become immense among the competitors of online book stores like Amazon. The major competitors of Amazon.com are Barnes & Noble, Random House Inc publisher, etc. Barnes & Noble is considered as the largest competitor of Amazon.com as they have focused on differentiated products. Amazon.com has always believed on customer oriented approach not on the competitor oriented approach. Music stores opening were one of their expansion strategies. T he company always tried to satisfy the customer’s demand by offering them differentiated product. The decision of Amazon.com to go for a retail store depends on the feasibility and market situation analysis. Amazon.com is capable enough to introduce the physical retail store as they have huge scale of operation, strong human resource management (Angerer 27).

Crisis Towards Zapatistan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Crisis Towards Zapatistan - Essay Example The historical research was conducted till the contemporary time, ending at decolonization. Then I undertook an extensive study of primary sources which include Newspapers, academic journals, Television documentaries, news reels and Fiction Literature including poetry. I have also directed my research towards the emergence of militant/extremist Islam in its International context. The List of all the sources is attached. This research was a precursor to field appraisal visits to Zapatistan. A total of six visits were undertaken often under hostile conditions. During the course of these visits I sought audience and conducted interviews with President Marcos, The leader of Islamist Reform Party Mr. Wasih Mehtazberam, The General Secretary of Christian Nationalist Front; Mr. Corazine Constantine and I also managed to secure a brief but very productive tte--tte with Imam Nasir Fazlullah, the elusive Guerilla Leader, in his secret stronghold in Tien Shan Mountains, bordering People's Repub lic of China. Besides talking to these luminaries, I often held illuminating discussions with University Professors, Traders, Oilmen and the person on the street. It was difficult however to directly talk to women across the strict gender segregated divide, especially in Muslim quarters, but fortunately I had a lady colleague; Ms. Iona Wazir, who conducted these talks. Her report has been structured in this memo, however a separate report can be provided if required. I will now outline, albeit briefly the historical development of Zapatistan, so as to contextualize the present crisis. Zapatistan is a landlocked country and shares its borders with Russia to the North and West, PRC to the East, Iran and Afghanistan to the South and South East respectively. It has key geopolitical and economic importance. The primary income generating activity is agriculture, in which 76% of the population is involved. The farm work is managed by small family units, both men and women are agricultural labourers. The Market and trade in agriculture is dominated and controlled by middlemen. A major portion of agriculture produce is exported through state owned and controlled 'Zapatistan Trading Corporation'. This dominance of middlemen and bureaucratic control of trade has been a major cause/contributor to rural poverty. There is a nascent textile and sugar industry but it is also state controlled, the minimum wage of industrial labour is less than 5$ per day, fomenting frequent trade union unrest and harsh reprisals by the regime. The country is rich in Minerals, primarily Oil and Natural Gas. Petrochemical Sale accounts for 90% of state earnings. The extraction and production of Oil is state controlled and is leased out to Shell and British Petroleum. The oil is shipped through a pipeline to Black Sea for The Shell International Refinery. The Muslim dominated Southern region is rich in oil; however the northern highlands also have sizeable oil deposits. The Oil revenues are controlled by the state and wealth has 'trickeled down' at least to the urban areas. The few major cities now reflect the oil boom and have been redesigned by best Urban Planning Firms in the world. The town squares are dominated by statues of the President and his family members. Zapatistan was colonized by Imperial Russia in 1756 and gained its independence

Multidisciplinary Team Pain Management

Multidisciplinary Team Pain Management Introduction In spite of advances in pain management (Apfelbaum et al., 2003; Fotiadis et al., 2004; Powell et al., 2004; Wu and Richman, 2004), postoperative pain still remains a major clinical problem confronting healthcare providers (Klopfenstein etal., 2000; Klopper et al., 2006; Sjà ¶strà ¶m, Dahlgren and Haljamà ¤e, 1999). Many patients continue to experience postoperative pain (Gilmartin and Wright, 2007; Manias et al., 2005; Schafheutle et al., 2001) with about 69% of them experiencing moderate to severe pain after surgery (Apfelbaum et al., 2003). According to the International Association for the Study of Pain (1979: 250), pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage described in terms of such damage. This definition emphasises on the subjective nature of the pain experience which can be influenced by multiple factors (International Association for the Study of Pain, 2003). As a result of this, McCaffery (1983: 14) defines pain as whatever the experiencing person says it is, existing whenever she says it does. Apart from pain signifying an actual or potential tissue damage, it is of no significance and leads to detrimental effects (Apfelbaum et al., 2003). Unrelieved postoperative pain can lead to disturbed emotional states, sleep deprivation, reduced physical and social performance, impaired quality of life (Reyes-Gibby, Aday and Cleeland, 2002; Strassels, Cynn and Carr, 2000), patient dissatisfaction (Shang and Gan, 2003), delayed discharge (Rejeh et al, 2008), increased use of healthcare resources (Fortner et al., 2003; Mystakidou et al., 2005; OMahony et al., 2005) and its associated high costs of hospitalisation (Huang et al., 2001). From an ethical point of view, postoperative pain should be properly managed to prevent needless suffering and avoidable complications (Kehlet, 1989), so as to increase function and to improve the quality of life (Goudas et al., 2001; Reyes-Gibby et al., 2002; Strassels et al., 2000). Notwithstanding several barriers prevent the successful management of pain. The aim of this proposal is to justify the need for a study that will explore the barriers to effective postoperative pain management from a multidisciplinary health team approach. The proposal will commence with a literature review on barriers to effective pain management followed by the appropriate research methodology that can be used in carrying out the study. Finally, the contributions of the research in filling the gaps of previous studies will be discussed. Literature Review In spite of numerous studies conducted on the different aspects of pain, the factors that affect pain management have not been completely identified (Rao, 2006). Greater research efforts are therefore required to identify the factors that affect the effective management of pain (Weissman et al., 2004). Barriers to effective pain management have been classified into that of the patient, clinician and the healthcare system (Cleeland, 1987; Joranson, 1993; Von Roenn et al., 1993; Ward et al., 1993;). Specifically, patient-related barriers have been categorised into communication (Glajchen et al., 1995), psychological (Glajchen, 2001) and attitudinal factors (Ward et al., 1993). According to Im, Guevava and Chee (2007), there is poor patient communication concerning pain and undermedication due to language barrier and insufficient money to purchase additional drugs. Psychological issues such as anxiety, distress, depression, anger and dementia have also been shown to cloak the symptoms of pain leading to poor pain management (Glajchen, 2001). Also, patient attitudes serve as the greatest impediment to the effective management of pain. These include fear of addiction (Dar et al., 1992; Ferrell, 1991; Melzak, 1990), tolerance (McCaffery and Beebe, 1989), side effects (Levin et al., 1985), fear of injections (Twycross and Lack, 1984), feelings of fatalism (Diekmann et al., 1989; Levin et al., 1985), association of pain with worsening disease states (Diekmann et al., 1989; Twycross an d Lack, 1984), belief that pain is inevitable and unmanageable (Ward et al., 1993), fear of distracting clinicians from treatment focus (Cleeland, 1987; Diekmann et al., 1989) and the desire to please clinicians (Cleeland, 1987; Twycross and Lack, 1984). On the other hand, insufficient knowledge, poor pain assessment skills, negative attitudes and physician reluctance to prescribe analgesics have also been shown as some of the clinician-barriers to effective pain management (Cleeland, 1993; Von Roenn et al, 1993). A study conducted in Iran revealed that institutional policies and regulations, limited time, poor communication, work overload, powerful physicians and the subjection faced by the nursing profession are some of the nursing-related barriers to postoperative pain management (Rejeh et al., 2008). Another study conducted by Rejeh et al. (2009) also depicted nurses limited authority, poor patient relationship, inadequate educational preparation and the interruptions in pain management measures serve as impediments in the effective management of postoperative pain in Iran. Some of the barriers in the healthcare system include strict regulatory scrutiny (Cleeland et al., 1994), changes in reimbursement policies (in cases where older patients have to pay for the cost of outpatient prescription drugs) (Glajchen et al., 1995), the lack of neighbourhood pharmacies, poor means of transportation and the absence of higher doses of opioids in the health system (Glajchen, 2001). Ultimately, these factors lead to inappropriate selection of analgesics and its subsequent poor management of patients pain (Glajchen, 2001). It can be realised from the literature that, most of the barrier-related studies on pain have mainly been in the form of quantitative studies conducted on chronic conditions such as cancer(Glajchen et al., 1995; Glajchen, 2001; Im et al., 2007; Joranson, 1993; Ward et al., 1993) and AIDS (Brietbart et al., 1998). This approach often leaves the reader in questioning why and how these factors serve as barriers. Moreover, studies conducted on clinician-related barriers (Rejeh et al., 2008; Rejeh et al., 2009; Van Niekerk and Martin, 2003; Von Roen et al., 1993) have always taken a uni-modal approach (either physicians or nurses) while neglecting other professionals such as the anaesthesiologist/ anaesthetist who also play a part in postoperative pain management. By virtue of this, a comprehensive understanding of the barriers that are faced by the multidisciplinary health team involved in postoperative pain management will enable a more targeted approach to improved patient care (Manias etal. 2005; Schafheutle etal. 2001). Research Methodology My research seeks to gain an in-depth understanding of the factors that impede the effective management of postoperative pain from a multidisciplinary health team approach. As a result, a qualitative design will be most appropriate in the conduction of the study in Ghana. The reason for choice of the location is that no previous studies have been conducted on the issue in this geographical area. Prior to the commencement of the study, ethical approval will have to be sought from the various ethics committees of the hospitals that would be included in the study. Some of the ethical issues such as the participants autonomy, confidentiality and anonymity during the study period will be addressed appropriately. All participants would be informed of the purpose and design of the study, as well as the voluntary nature of their participation. Informed consent will be obtained from the participants in the form of writing and will be signed by them to serve as   evidence for their voluntary participation. Semi-structured interviews will be used in collecting the data so as to gain in-depth information to specific questions (Hove and Anda, 2005). Like most qualitative studies, the findings of this study cannot be generalised to other settings but would provide rich information on the barriers faced by health care professionals in managing postoperative pain. This will then pave the way for appropriate strategies to be implement in solving this problem. Healthcare professionals with a minimum of 5-year working experience in surgical units, in major hospitals in each region of Ghana would be included in the study. The reason is to acquire professionals who have sufficient work experience to enable them analyse barriers affecting the management of post-operative pain. Also, purposeful sampling technique will be used for recruiting participants in this study. In the conduct of this study, data collection and analysis will proceed concurrently until the development of themes related to health professionals barriers affecting post-operative pain management is achieved. Data collected will be analysed using content analysis (Morse and Field 1995; Sandelowski, 2000) to generate codes, categories and themes. By means of theoretical sampling, additional participants will be selected until theoretical saturation is achieved and no new information emerges. Participants will be contacted after the analysis and will be given a full transcript of their respective coded interviews with a summary of the emergent themes to determine whether the codes and themes matched their stated barriers. Maximum variation of sampling (in terms of the type of profession, years of working experience) will also enhance the conformability and credibility of data. This sampling strategy will enable the me to capture a vast range of views and experiences (Streubert and Carpenter 2003). Contributions of the Research Conducting a research is not an end in itself, but a means to an end. As a way of finding solutions to the problem of ineffective postoperative pain management, it will be prudent to understand the causes of these barriers so as to devise appropriate strategies. The success or failure of pain management largely depends on factors that influence the health professionals practical care for patients with post-operative pain. The findings of this study will provide insights into the factors that affect the management of postoperative pain from a multidisciplinary health team approach. By so doing, it will not only integrate diverse perceptions but also incorporate other key stakeholders in postoperative pain management (anaesthesiologist/anaesthetist) who have been left out in previous studies. Moreover, the proposed study will contribute to already existing literature by giving appreciable insights on the factors that affect the entire health team in the management of postoperative pain. Also, the involvement of the major stakeholders in postoperative pain management will stimulate the interest of each of the professionals groups thereby enlightening each other about the barriers and how they can be solved. Ultimately, this will improve patient care, enhance staff satisfaction and boost the integrity of our health institutions.

Freedom and Determinism

â€Å"Freedom, Determinism, and the Case for Moral Responsibility: A Look Back at the Murder of Jamie Bulger† begins by telling of the heinous crime that is the centerpiece of this paper. On February 12th 1993, British toddler Jamie Bulger abducted at a local shopping mall in Liverpool, England. Evidence that the two year old was beaten, sexually molested, and clubbed to death with bricks and an iron bar before discarding his body on train tracks. The age of his two assailants, Jon Venables and Robert Thompson, ten years old.Then they begin to explain the difference of opinions on the responsibility of the murderers. One side labels the boys as savages and criminals, while the other argues that they are â€Å"victims of broader social, economic, and cultural processes. † Sparking the question, are we truly responsible for how we act in society? The essay then moves on to the defense of determinism and how it relates to this specific event, stating that, â€Å"From a de terminist point of view, Jon Venables’s and Robert Thompson’s fate was set even before their birth.Born to ill-educated, working class parents, the details of the boys’ lives constitute a veritable catalogue of social ills. † The paper enlightens us on the rough and negative environments that both Jon Venables and Robert Thompson were raised in. Jon’s parents were â€Å"unstable and depressed,† and his dad eventually abandoned his abusive mother, himself and his â€Å"developmentally challenged† siblings. Thompson was the second youngest of â€Å"seven violent and aggressive boys†¦ one of whom was an arsonist and another who was a master thief. His parents were drunks and he witnessed his mother being beaten by his father in many alcoholic driven violent outbursts. The question is raised if Venables and Thompson are morally responsible for the actions leading to the murder of little Jamie. Here is where the paper really dives int o the determinist philosphy, stating â€Å"the Determinist argument holds that a person’s heredity and environment fix the choice before it is made. † Using legitimate sources such as â€Å"The Delusion of Free Will† by Robert Blatchford and â€Å"What Means This Freedom† by John Hospers, the essay presents sound reasoning to the determinist view.Taking from Blatchford, the point â€Å"that teaching is part of our environment and that we act as we have been taught that we ought to act. Thus, though we may act as we choose, we will choose as heredity and environment cause us to choose† John Hospers suggests that one holds no responsible for any of ones actions because actions â€Å"grow out of his character, which is shaped and molded and made what it is by influences . . . that were not of his own making or choosing† The paper also presents some arguments against the deterministic view from the free will perspective.Another essay, â€Å"A B rief Defense of Free Will† by Tibor Macha, and his opinion â€Å"the fact that some people with bad childhoods turn out to be crooks while others are decent would seem to indicate that people can cause and are responsible for at least some of what they do,† is examined. In â€Å"The Problem of Free Will,† W. T. Stace states, â€Å"In the case of Jamie Bulger’s murderers, young as they were at the time, the drive to inflict unimaginable pain on the toddler, at the moment they did it, does not seem to have been externally caused. They desired to do it. They were not motivated by any external factor, such as the proverbial gun to the head.They were morally responsible for their action and thus deserved to be punished. † While this paper makes a reasonable and knowledgeable argument for us to try to look at crimes like this from a more deterministic view, I have a hard time converting. Being that I am a criminal justice major, I am aware that there are many different theories on why crimes are committed, and not only what should be done to help prevent them from happening again, but what kind of treatment or punishment the perpetrator(s) should receive to more effectively rehabilitate them.I am one that stands with firm justice on brutal acts like this, regardless of age. Although in a violent and criminalistic environment, the kids were not directly forced to commit such a gruesome act, nor did they ever witness it from their parents. Therefore, in my opinion, the responsibility lies within the kids for their desire to not only torture, but kill.

Helping Teachers Become Leaders Essay

In â€Å"Helping Teachers Become Leaders,† Patricia Phelps (2008) presents a model that teachers, administrators and teacher educators can internalize in order to cultivate effective teacher leadership in our nation’s schools. Phelps begins her discussion of teacher leadership first by defining the concept. She cites Barth’s definition: â€Å"Making happen what you believe in† (p. 19). Phelps then goes on to argue that the development of teacher leadership has often been overlooked by both teacher education programs and by school administrators themselves: â€Å"The importance of cultivating leadership among teachers should not be underestimated as a powerful way to improve schools† (p. 122). The risk then of not empowering teachers to become leaders results in a significant threat to healthy school communities and effective and empowering teaching: â€Å"Those teachers who do not become leaders are typically satisfied with the status quo, easily discouraged, sometimes cynical, perhaps burned out, and may engage minimally in professional development activities† (p. 123). In the school that I have been working at, it is very evident that the handful of teachers who do believe in their ability to become leaders, are indeed the teachers who complain the most without doing anything about it, and seem to be most dissatisfied with their job. After having developed an argument for the rationale behind cultivating teacher leadership, Phelps outlines several key components about what skills, dispositions and competencies teachers need in order to take on leaderships roles within their schools. To begin with teachers must know what they believe about education. Phelps argues that teachers should be presented with opportunities throughout their teacher education program and throughout their careers that ask them to define what they believe about best teaching practices and the purpose of education. Furthermore, Phelps argues, teachers must understand and appreciate the value of becoming a leader in the schools. Teacher education programs and staff development must show examples of how teachers can and should become agents of positive change within their schools. Phelps also reminds teachers that a critical disposition for becoming a teacher leader is resiliency. Inevitably teachers will encounter obstacles along the way either internally from colleague or administrators or externally as a result of federal policy that sometimes fails to take into account the best interests of students. The next step in Phelps’ model is the development of the knowledge base that will help teachers assume a proactive and effective role within the school: â€Å"The knowledge base of teacher leadership consists primarily of the concepts of educational change and school culture† (p. 121). Phelps suggests that there are various types of roles that a teacher leader might assume: advocate, innovator and steward. After explaining how the teacher can best prepare to assume leadership roles, Phelps goes on to suggest that school administrators also play a significant role in determining whether or not teachers will feel comfortable taking on leadership roles: â€Å"By making clear the unique challenges that a school faces, the principal opens opportunities for leadership† (p. 120). I believe that Phelps’ emphasis on administrator’s role in this process is important. Administrators very much set the tone at a school, and when teachers feel that their ideas are valued and appreciated, they will be much more likely to step up to leadership roles. My principal frequently asks for staff input during meetings and asks for volunteers to become members of a committee. For example, when the school was considering whether to implement a dress code, our principal formed a committee and took all of their recommendations when it came time to adopt new policy. This makes staff members at our school feel valued and much more likely to take on leadership roles when they see other ways to improve the school. The process of preparing teachers to become leaders requires the commitment of many, not just teachers themselves. Teachers must be able to articulate what they believe and identify the roles that they can assume within the school to effect change. Administrators must create a positive tone and actively seek input from their staff. Teacher educators have the responsibility of cultivating an attitude and a belief in pre-service teachers that teacher leadership is both possible and necessary. If administrators, teachers and teacher educators take to heart these core components outlined by â€Å"Helping Teachers Become Leaders,† then we will make a big step toward sculpting out positive work environments that welcome and promote innovation. I believe that readings and discussions in this course about why becoming a leader is so important to schools and to individual teachers will help me to seek out and assume leadership roles throughout my career. Especially in the early stages of my career, I see myself most able to assume the role of steward, by exemplifying effective and innovative teaching practices and displaying a strong work ethic and a positive attitude about my profession. Once I begin to establish more of a professional identity, I hope then to be able to assume leadership roles in my school that will result in positive change on an even larger level.

The Social And Historical Context Of A Portrait Of The...

In this essay response I shall discuss the social and historical context of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man and My Son the Fanatic and how they enhance our understanding of the texts and then compare the two in their respective contexts. Religious extremism is a social ideology that is heavily implemented into both A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man and My Son the Fanatic. With Steven Dedalus being subjected to his traditional family views of Catholicism as was the author of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, James Joyce. Throughout the text Stephen is subjected to religious extremism, particularly in Chapter 3 when he attends Arnall s sermon, while on a religious retreat, in which he learns of Hell and sin, beleiving that God had allowed him to see the hell reserved for his sins and that the sermon is directed at him. This leads him to a part of his life where he followed the Catholic faith to an extreme degree, much like in My Son the Fanatic, whereby Ali devotes himself to the Muslim faith. At the time of publication, 1916, Ireland had seen events such as The Easter Rising in which Catholics rebelled against the British and the Protestants in a bid for independence. This mix of both the need for Independence and religious extremism are elements that we see portratyed through Stephen. Knowing this information we can see that Joyce portrays not only his own struggles with religion and independence using this method but also the conflict foundShow MoreRelated Jan Steen’s Self Portrait in â€Å"The Continence of Scipio† as a Social Commentary2561 Words   |  11 PagesJan Steen’s Self Portrait in â€Å"The Continence of Scipio† as a Social Commentary There is a tremendous difference between a fool and a jester. 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